Heredity class 10 important MCQ

 Heredity – Important MCQs (Class 10)

Introduction:

        अनुवांशिकता (Heredity) जीवविज्ञान का एक महत्वपूर्ण अध्याय है, जो यह समझने में मदद करता है कि माता-पिता से संतानों में गुण (traits) कैसे स्थानांतरित होते हैं। इस अध्याय में हम जीन (genes), गुणसूत्र (chromosomes), मेंडल के नियम (Mendel’s Laws) और विभिन्न आनुवांशिक सिद्धांतों के बारे में अध्ययन करते हैं।

कक्षा 10 की विज्ञान परीक्षा के लिए यह टॉपिक बेहद महत्वपूर्ण है, क्योंकि इससे जुड़े प्रश्न अक्सर MCQ (Multiple Choice Questions) के रूप में पूछे जाते हैं। सही समझ और अभ्यास के लिए MCQs सबसे प्रभावी तरीका होते हैं, जिससे छात्र अपनी तैयारी को मजबूत बना सकते हैं।

इस पोस्ट में आपको Heredity Chapter के महत्वपूर्ण MCQs, उनके उत्तर और आसान व्याख्या मिलेगी, जो बोर्ड परीक्षा की तैयारी में आपकी मदद करेंगे।

1–20: Basics of Heredity

1. The transmission of traits from parents to offspring is called
   A) Variation
   B) Evolution
   C) Heredity
   D) Adaptation
   Ans: C
2. The scientific study of heredity is known as
   A) Ecology
   B) Genetics
   C) Taxonomy
   D) Embryology
   Ans: B
3. Who is known as the Father of Genetics?
   A) Darwin
   B) Lamarck
   C) Mendel
   D) Morgan
   Ans: C
4. Mendel conducted experiments on
   A) Pea plant
   B) Wheat
   C) Rice
   D) Maize
   Ans: A
5. The alternative forms of a gene are called
   A) Chromosomes
   B) Alleles
   C) Traits
   D) DNA
   Ans: B
6. The gene controlling a single trait is called
   A) Polygenic
   B) Monogenic
   C) Digenic
   D) Multigenic
   Ans: B
7. A dominant trait is expressed when
   A) Present only in homozygous condition
   B) Present in heterozygous condition
   C) Recessive gene is absent
   D) Both B and C
   Ans: D
8. The physical appearance of an organism is called
   A) Genotype
   B) Phenotype
   C) Allele
   D) Chromatid
   Ans: B
9. The genetic makeup of an organism is called
   A) Phenotype
   B) Trait
   C) Genotype
   D) Character
   Ans: C
10. Which trait is dominant in pea plant?
    A) Wrinkled seeds
    B) Green seeds
    C) Tall plant
    D) Constricted pods
    Ans: C
11. Which of the following is a recessive trait?
    A) Tall
    B) Round
    C) Yellow
    D) Wrinkled
    Ans: D
12. The unit of heredity is
    A) Chromosome
    B) Gene
    C) Cell
    D) Protein
    Ans: B
13. A pair of identical alleles is called
    A) Hybrid
    B) Heterozygous
    C) Homozygous
    D) Hemizygous
    Ans: C
14. A cross involving one pair of contrasting characters is called
    A) Dihybrid cross
    B) Monohybrid cross
    C) Back cross
    D) Test cross
    Ans: B
15. The F₁ generation produced by Mendel was
    A) All tall
    B) All dwarf
    C) Tall and dwarf
    D) All wrinkled
    Ans: A
16. Which generation shows segregation of traits?
    A) Parental
    B) F₁
    C) F₂
    D) Hybrid
    Ans: C
17. The ratio obtained in F₂ generation of monohybrid cross is
    A) 1:2:1
    B) 9:3:3:1
    C) 3:1
    D) 2:1
    Ans: C
18. The law of segregation is also known as
    A) Law of dominance
    B) Law of purity of gametes
    C) Law of independent assortment
    D) Law of variation
    Ans: B
19. Which structure carries genes?
    A) Ribosomes
    B) Cytoplasm
    C) Chromosomes
    D) Cell membrane
    Ans: C
20. DNA is present in
    A) Cytoplasm
    B) Nucleus
    C) Ribosomes
    D) Vacuole
    Ans: B

21–40 : Mendel’s Laws

21. Law of dominance explains
    A) Mixing of traits
    B) Suppression of recessive trait
    C) Independent inheritance
    D) Mutation
    Ans: B
22. In heterozygous condition, the expressed allele is
    A) Recessive
    B) Lethal
    C) Dominant
    D) Inactive
    Ans: C
23. Law of independent assortment applies to
    A) One trait
    B) Two traits
    C) Linked genes
    D) Sex-linked genes
    Ans: B
24. The phenotypic ratio of dihybrid cross is
    A) 3:1
    B) 1:2:1
    C) 9:3:3:1
    D) 2:1
    Ans: C
25. Mendel selected pea plant because
    A) Long life span
    B) Large size
    C) Many contrasting traits
    D) Aquatic plant
    Ans: C
26. The F₁ generation of a dihybrid cross is
    A) All recessive
    B) All dominant
    C) Mixed
    D) All hybrids
    Ans: D
27. A test cross is used to determine
    A) Phenotype
    B) Genotype
    C) Dominance
    D) Evolution
    Ans: B
28. Test cross is performed between
    A) Two hybrids
    B) Two dominants
    C) Hybrid and recessive
    D) Two recessives
    Ans: C
29. Which ratio indicates genotype in monohybrid cross?
    A) 3:1
    B) 1:1
    C) 1:2:1
    D) 9:3:3:1
    Ans: C
30. Mendel’s laws are universally applicable to
    A) Animals only
    B) Plants only
    C) All sexually reproducing organisms
    D) Humans only
    Ans: C

41–60 : Sex Determination

41. Sex of a child is determined by
    A) Mother
    B) Father
    C) Both parents equally
    D) Environment
    Ans: B
42. Which chromosome is present in males?
    A) XX
    B) YY
    C) XY
    D) XO
    Ans: C
43. Human females have
    A) XX
    B) XY
    C) XO
    D) YY
    Ans: A
44. Which chromosome carries genes for sex determination?
    A) Autosomes
    B) X chromosome
    C) Y chromosome
    D) Both B and C
    Ans: D
45. The Y chromosome is inherited from
    A) Mother
    B) Father
    C) Both
    D) None
    Ans: B
46. Sex-linked traits are located on
    A) Autosomes
    B) X chromosome
    C) Y chromosome
    D) Mitochondria
    Ans: B
47. Example of sex-linked disease is
    A) Diabetes
    B) Hemophilia
    C) TB
    D) Cancer
    Ans: B
48. Color blindness is more common in
    A) Females
    B) Males
    C) Children
    D) Old people
    Ans: B
49. Human beings have how many chromosomes?
    A) 44
    B) 46
    C) 23
    D) 22
    Ans: B
50. Number of autosomes in humans is
    A) 22
    B) 44
    C) 46
    D) 23
    Ans: B

61–80 : Variation & Evolution (Heredity link)

61. Differences among individuals are called
    A) Adaptation
    B) Evolution
    C) Variation
    D) Mutation
    Ans: C
62. Variations are important because they help in
    A) Reproduction
    B) Survival
    C) Mutation
    D) Cloning
    Ans: B
63. Which variation is inherited?
    A) Acquired
    B) Somatic
    C) Germinal
    D) Temporary
    Ans: C
64. Acquired traits are
    A) Inherited
    B) Not inherited
    C) Dominant
    D) Recessive
    Ans: B
65. Darwin proposed the theory of
    A) Mutation
    B) Evolution
    C) Natural selection
    D) Genetic drift
    Ans: C
66. Evolution is based on
    A) Heredity
    B) Variation
    C) Natural selection
    D) All of these
    Ans: D
67. Sudden change in DNA is called
    A) Variation
    B) Evolution
    C) Mutation
    D) Adaptation
    Ans: C
68. Which variation is most beneficial?
    A) Harmful
    B) Neutral
    C) Adaptive
    D) Lethal
    Ans: C
69. Long neck of giraffe is an example of
    A) Acquired trait
    B) Mutation
    C) Adaptive evolution
    D) Artificial selection
    Ans: C
70. Evolution occurs over
    A) Short time
    B) One generation
    C) Long period
    D) Few years
    Ans: C

81–100 : Application & HOTS

81. Blood group inheritance is an example of
    A) Single gene inheritance
    B) Multiple alleles
    C) Mutation
    D) Acquired trait
    Ans: B
82. Which blood group is universal donor?
    A) A
    B) B
    C) AB
    D) O
    Ans: D
83. Which blood group is universal recipient?
    A) A
    B) B
    C) AB
    D) O
    Ans: C
84. Genes are made up of
    A) Protein
    B) RNA
    C) DNA
    D) Lipid
    Ans: C
85. Crossing over occurs during
    A) Mitosis
    B) Meiosis I
    C) Meiosis II
    D) Fertilization
    Ans: B
86. Gametes are formed by
    A) Mitosis
    B) Meiosis
    C) Binary fission
    D) Budding
    Ans: B
87. Haploid cells contain
    A) Full chromosomes
    B) Half chromosomes
    C) No chromosomes
    D) Extra chromosomes
    Ans: B
88. Which cell is diploid?
    A) Sperm
    B) Ovum
    C) Zygote
    D) Gamete
    Ans: C
89. The fusion of gametes is called
    A) Pollination
    B) Fertilization
    C) Mutation
    D) Segregation
    Ans: B
90. Variation is caused due to
    A) DNA copying
    B) Environmental factors
    C) Sexual reproduction
    D) All of these
    Ans: D
91. Traits controlled by more than one gene are called
    A) Monogenic
    B) Digenic
    C) Polygenic
    D) Lethal
    Ans: C
92. Height in humans is an example of
    A) Monogenic trait
    B) Polygenic trait
    C) Sex-linked trait
    D) Acquired trait
    Ans: B
93. Which law explains gamete formation?
    A) Dominance
    B) Segregation
    C) Assortment
    D) Mutation
    Ans: B
94. Which generation shows new combinations?
    A) P
    B) F₁
    C) F₂
    D) Hybrid
    Ans: C
95. Genetic material is transferred through
    A) Cytoplasm
    B) Blood
    C) Genes
    D) Hormones
    Ans: C
96. Mendel used how many traits in pea plant?
    A) 5
    B) 6
    C) 7
    D) 8
    Ans: C
97. A pure tall plant has genotype
    A) Tt
    B) tt
    C) TT
    D) T
    Ans: C
98. Which is NOT inherited?
    A) Eye colour
    B) Blood group
    C) Body weight due to exercise
    D) Hair type
    Ans: C
99. Heredity ensures
    A) Similarity only
    B) Difference only
    C) Continuity of species
    D) Extinction
    Ans: C
100. Study of heredity helps in understanding
     A) Evolution
     B) Diseases
     C) Variation
     D) All of these
     Ans: D

Conclusion:

        अनुवांशिकता (Heredity) का अध्ययन हमें यह समझने में मदद करता है कि किस प्रकार जीवों के गुण एक पीढ़ी से दूसरी पीढ़ी में स्थानांतरित होते हैं। इस अध्याय के महत्वपूर्ण MCQs का अभ्यास करने से न केवल आपकी अवधारणाएँ मजबूत होती हैं, बल्कि परीक्षा में अच्छे अंक प्राप्त करने की संभावना भी बढ़ जाती है।

नियमित अभ्यास, सही समझ और दोहराव (revision) के माध्यम से आप इस टॉपिक में महारत हासिल कर सकते हैं। इसलिए इन MCQs को बार-बार हल करें और अपनी तैयारी को और बेहतर बनाएं।

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